ÿWPCÀ ;òÿÑ# N¨/ñ}ýÿ8憈IgÉ]d¼ùt{ /MrÏù›v‡} ÔrwØ´>ãJ5Ô¬6ý»:$Ép¢´¿äÃè)~ŠõàŠ3Y*}••C1_vŠëH”é+íðE¬¾Ìk.`yqŸƒ¸#?令H+wg¦^Îvw‡S”=lw2šZ„AŽqreNâ[Æ€DnÛl|IÅ,¤8»Ÿ)Â~ôO² E›g¶8à`¹ÙL¶Œç9•Ò»¤ñåp¿ ÿH«î×Òj%P[Wï”ÉÎéTȧˆ—Hšì“¶táyœú 4gz†ÿ“<œQð2ÝÆq°æß¢]G¡¿ÅòSÃ8_Ùd /dÂDcp8‡Œx?×t·£Õ½í9듉õßÙɵzÞV´“À nÂíÐ1öqxŸ”U‹E4¸Ã_üq€ÃWƒÕõVט õH?+°ak¾.Þ>%ìß¾|Û?éá+y彺ñlòÏžãi£ÕšÎ¨€,ÝßGz«™¨†¾é§{#´ööv›ëØîµØQ # ŒUN— %å 0:ëw@%4eyˆU0˜HP LaserJet 4P/4MPHPPCL5E,ä,,,,,ä0 (ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX(ö\$¡¡ÔCEUS.,Ô •E–—D˜D™š›DœDžD•f—!3|xž)Ͼ¦ `CG TimesÝ ƒö\!ÝÔCEUS.,ÔÝ  Ýñ\ñ›ñ\ññ\ñ›ñ\ñAromatherapy€is€the€art€and€science€of€helping€living€things€toward€wholeness€and€balance€usingÏthe€essential€oils€which€can€be€extracted€from€plants.ÌÌLetððs€look€at€each€of€the€parts€of€this€statement€in€more€depth.ÌÌð ðAromatherapieðð€is€the€word€coined€by€ñ\ñœñ\ñHenriñ\ñ›ñ\ñ€Maurice€Gattefosse€in€France€in€1928€to€describeÏthe€science€he€was€beginning€to€explore:€that€of€using€the€aromatic€components€of€plants€toÏfacilitate€healing.€€ñ\ñœñ\ñThe€ñ\ñsotryñ\ññ\ñstoryñ\ñ€goes€that€ñ\ñGattefoisseñ\ññ\ñGattefosseñ\ñ€burned€his€hand€in€his€laboratory€and€thrust€itÏinto€a€container€of€Lavender€oil;€it€apparently€healed€much€more€quickly€than€expected,€and€withÏminimal€scarring.€ÌÌTheseñ\ñ›ñ\ñ€œñ]ñcomponentsñ]ññ^ñaromatic€oilsñ^ñ›€had€been€used€for€healing€for€millennia€before€Gattefosseððs€dramaticÏñ\ñœñ\ñexperience;ñ\ñ›ñ\ñ€ñ\ñœñ\ñinñ\ñ›ñ\ñ€fact,€there€are€records€of€œtheñ_ñse›€oils›€beingñ_ññ`ñirñ`ñ›€œuseñañdñañ›€by€Babylonian€physicians€as€early€as€5000€BC.€ÏSimilarly,€there€are€records€in€Chinese€and€Ayurvedic€Medicine€from€2000€BC,€as€well€asÏpassages€of€the€Bible€that€speak€of€their€healing€properties.€€They€have€been€part€of€folkÏmedicine€for€millennia,€but€Gattefosse€is€acknowledged€as€the€ð ðfatherðð€of€modern€AromatherapyÏbecause€he€started€the€process€of€scientific€documentation€of€the€components€of€essential€oils€andÏtheir€healing€abilities.ÌÌJumping€out€of€order€for€the€sake€of€logical€progression,€Iððll€define€essential€oils€next.€€These€areÏliquids€œñbñor›€gums›€ñbñobtained›€from€œplantsñcñ,ñcñ›€which€evaporate€at€room€temperature€with€characteristic€ñ\ñœñ\ñaromas.ñ\ñ›ñ\ñ€ÏThey€are€also€called€ð ðvolatile€oilsðð€because€of€this€ability€to€ñ\ñœñ\ñevaporateñ\ñ›ñ\ñ€readily.€€€One€canÏexperience€essential€oils€by€rubbing€oneððs€hands€in€the€foliage€of€a€rosemary,€lavender,€orÏpeppermint€plant€and€sniffing€oneððs€fingers.€€They€were€believed€to€carry€the€ð ðessenceðð,€the€soulÏor€unique€œidentityñdñ,ñdñ›€of€the€plants€they€came€from.ÌÌOne€theory€is€that€these€oils€perform€a€similar€function€for€plants€ñ\ñœñ\ñto€thatñ\ñ›ñ\ñ€ñ\ñœñ\ñwhich€ñ\ñœñ\ñpheronomesñ\ñ›ñ\ññ\ñ›ñ\ñ€doÏfor€animals:€they€allow€for€communication.€€€They€can€send€a€message€to€bees€that€this€is€a€goodÏflower€to€visit€or€similarly€repel€other€insects.€€Lavender€oil€has€been€used€for€ñ\ñœmillenia›ñ\ññ\ñmillenniañ\ñ€to€repelÏmoths.€€ñ\ñœñ\ñJasmineñ\ñ›ñ\ñ€ñ\ñœñ\ñhasñ\ñ›ñ\ñ€been€used€for€even€longer€to€attract€lovers.ÌÌMost€of€these€oils€have€a€protective€function,€killing€micro„organisms.€€One€busy€area€ofÏresearch€in€early€aromatherapy€was€cataloguing€the€various€bacteria€and€moulds€that€could€beÏkilled€by€different€essential€oils.ÌÌAlthough€called€ð ðoilsðð€these€liquids€are€not€made€of€the€fatty€ñ\ñœñ\ñacids€that€are€found€in€fatsñ\ñ›ñ\ñ€and€oils.€ÏThe€chemicals€involved€are€highly€volatile,€and€a€good€quality€essential€oil€should€*not*€leave€anÏoil€ring€if€dropped€on€paper€to€evaporate.€ÌÌScience€has€assiduously€researched€the€effects€of€essential€oils€and€found€them€to€be€antiseptic,Ïas€above,€but€also€anti„inflammatory,€stimulating,€sedating,€warming,€cooling,€diuretic,Ïdiaphoretic,€antispasmodic,€anodyne,€emmenagogue,€and€vulnerary,€to€name€but€a€few€of€theÏphysical€effects€that€have€been€documented.ÌÌHowever€one€may€analyse€the€components€of€essential€oils,€there€is€an€art€to€mixing€them€toÐ ð-@), Ðproduce€desired€effects.€€The€art€lies€in€the€trained€sense€of€smell€needed€to€distinguish€qualityÏoils€from€diluted€or€adulterated€products.€€It€also€lies€in€the€intuition€needed€to€try€newÏcombinations€for€different€purposes,€for€œñiñlikeñiññjñhere€as€inñjñ›€much€of€plant€medicine,€the€whole€is€notÏnecessarily€the€sum€of€its€œpartsñeñ...ñeññgññfñ;ñfññgññhñ:€ñhñone›€may€mix€two€oils€with€specific€effects€and€find€theÏcombination€does€something€unexpected.€€The€art€also€lies€in€understanding€the€ways€these€oilsÏcan€effect€the€emotions,€and€how€to€take€advantage€of€these€effects€to€facilitate€healing.ÌÌLiving€things:€€Aromatherapy€has€been€used€to€help€animals€and€other€plants€as€well€as€humans.ÌÌWholeness:€Essential€oils€seem€to€work€in€three€ways.€€If€used€in€baths,€compresses,€orÏcosmetics,€the€very€small€molecules€involved€€will€be€absorbed€through€the€skin€and€into€theÏcapillaries€that€underlie€it.€€Or€if€used€in€vaporisers€or€diffusers,€they€will€be€breathed€in€andÏabsorbed€through€the€respiratory€mucosa.€€Then€they€are€carried€by€the€blood€through€the€body€toÏthe€different€organs€they€target€to€exert€their€physical€effects.ÌÌThey€are€also€absorbed€in€the€nasal€mucosa€and€taken€up€by€scent€receptors,€which€send€signalsÏthrough€the€nerves€to€the€limbic€system.€€This€is€the€area€of€the€brain€where€memories€associatedÏwith€strong€emotions€are€stored.€€It€also€links€directly€to€the€parts€of€the€brain€that€control€manyÏof€the€automatic€functions€of€the€body,€such€as€œbloodpressure›,€œheartrate›,€respirations,€and€gutÏmovements.€€Thus€the€essential€oils€can€have€a€strong€effect€on€the€emotions,€œbothñlñ€ñlññmññmññnñthrough€ñnññmñtheÏbody€functions€associated€with€themñmñ›€œñoñand€ñoñthrough›€œmemoryñpñ.ñpññqñ›€and›€ñqñ›œñqñthroughñqññkñ€the€body€functions€associated€with€themñkññqñ.ñqñ›€€€Go€back€out€to€the€garden€and€rubÏthe€lavender€and€then€the€rosemary€again...see€how€different€these€two€smells€make€you€feel.ÌÌFinally,€and€here€is€an€area€not€amenable€to€scientific€study,€the€essential€oils€can€have€an€effectÏon€oneððs€energy€bodies...clearing,€stimulating,€slowing,€or€opening€according€to€their€own€nature.€ÏThus€their€association€with€churches,€meditation,€and€spiritual€work€for€millennia.€€For€example,Ïanyone€who€has€been€in€Catholic€churches€will€remember€the€scent€of€frankincense€and€myrrh.ÏThese€incenses€did€more€than€kill€germs€that€hadnððt€been€identified€yet;€they€help€to€open€peopleÏspiritually.ÌÌSo€when€we€speak€of€wholeness,€we€are€acknowledging€that€all€beings€exist€on€spiritual,€mental,Ïand€emotional€levels€as€well€as€in€physical€bodies,€and€that€all€of€these€dimensions€effect€healthÏand€well„being.€€Most€holistic€practitioners€acknowledge€that€dis„ease€may€start€on€the€levels€ofÏspirit€or€emotion,€blocking€energy€flows€here€for€some€time€before€the€disturbance€manifests€onÏthe€physical€level.€€Since€essential€oils€can€exert€an€effect€on€all€these€levels,€they€may€be€able€toÏwork€on€some€of€the€causes€of€dis„ease€as€well€as€easing€physical€discomfort.ÌÌBalance:€It€is€a€theory€generally€held€by€many€who€work€with€plants€for€healing€that€many€plantÏmedicines€ð ðnormaliseðð€rather€than€exerting€a€purely€stimulatory€or€depressory€effect€on€bodyÏfunctions.€€What€this€means€is€that€by€providing€substances€œñrñthatñrññsñwhichñsñ›€interact€with€œñtñthe€ñtñreceptors›€thatÏregulate€body€functions,€some€plant€medicines€can€stimulate€processes€if€they€are€depressed€byÏillness€or€depress€them€if€they€are€stimulated.€€This€isnððt€assuming€some€ð ðintelligenceðð€in€theÏplant€medicines,€but€acknowledging€that€the€biological€molecules€involved€can€stimulateÏsynthesis€of€compounds€that€are€needed€or€inhibit€synthesis€of€compounds€that€are€in€excess.€€ÌÐ ð-@), ÐExtracted:€These€products€are€classically€extracted€through€distillation,€although€modernÏsuppliers€are€also€using€pressurised€and€chemical€extraction€methods€to€lessen€the€heat€required.€ÏThey€can€also€be€extracted€by€smearing€petals€onto€a€fatty€substance€to€draw€out€the€oils€(as€inÏrose€or€jasmine€absolute),€or€by€crushing€juicy€plant€parts€such€as€the€peels€of€citrus€fruits.€€TheÏoils€produced€are€generally€extremely€concentrated;€it€can€take€2000„3000€pounds€of€rose€petalsÏto€make€one€pound€of€rose€oil.ÌÌSo,€to€summarise,€we€have€an€area€of€study€which€uses€these€highly€concentrated€plant€extractsÏin€various€ways€to€stimulate€physical,€emotional,€and€energetic€processes€which€can€help€livingÏthings€regain€or€maintain€wholeness€and€balance.ÌÌSome€of€the€ways€essential€oils€can€be€used€include:ÌÌInhalation:€€€One€can€simply€unscrew€the€top€and€take€a€whiff€from€the€bottle.ÌÌEvaporation:€The€oils€are€placed€in€open€containers€in€a€room€and€allowed€to€evaporate€into€theÏair.€€This€process€can€be€speeded€by€heat,€for€example€by€putting€the€oils€into€a€ring€placed€on€aÏlight„bulb€or€into€water€over€a€candle€flame.€ÌÌDiffusors:€These€are€little€machines€which€blow€air€through€a€pool€of€oil€to€make€it€evaporateÏand€diffuse€into€the€air€faster.€€ÌÌThese€techniques€that€disperse€the€scent€into€rooms€can€be€used€to€set€an€emotional€tone€in€aÏroom,€whether€one€wants€that€to€be€relaxing,€spiritual,€celebratory,€or€mentally€focussed.€€TheyÏcan€also€be€used€to€kill€germs€in€the€air€during€cold€season.ÌÌSteams:€The€oils€may€be€placed€in€a€well€in€front€of€a€humidifier€or€they€may€be€placed€onÏboiling€water€and€breathed€with€a€towel€placed€over€the€head.€€Use€€2„5€drops€in€a€bowl€of€hotÏwater.€These€techniques€work€well€for€clearing€the€nose€during€a€head„cold.€€Presumably€theyÏcould€also€be€used€in€steam€rooms.€€ÌÌMisters:€The€oils€can€be€put€into€misters€or€spray€bottles€with€water€and€sprayed€in€the€room€orÏdirectly€onto€the€skin.€€Use€8„10€drops€to€an€ounce€of€water.€€Some€people€put€a€bit€of€shampooÏor€vinegar€into€their€misters€to€help€disperse€the€aromatic€compounds€in€the€water.ÌÌBaths:€Warm€baths€are€a€very€efficient€way€to€use€essential€oils.€€Warmth€makes€them€evaporateÏquickly€for€inhalation€and€also€opens€the€pores€so€the€oils€can€be€absorbed€directly€through€theÏskin.€Use€10€drops€in€a€tub€of€water.€€If€you€are€using€very€warm€oils€in€a€bath,€it€may€be€wise€toÏmix€them€in€a€carrier€oil€first,€because€they€can€float€on€the€water€and€come€into€contact€with€theÏskin€undiluted€otherwise.ÌÌThe€oils€can€also€be€used€very€efficiently€in€foot€or€hand€baths€or€sitz€baths.€€Use€less€oilÏdepending€on€the€size€of€the€bath.€€One€of€my€favourite€treats€is€a€foot€bath€with€peppermint€andÏlavender€oils€and€a€good€foot€massage.ÌÐ ð-@), ÐCompresses:€The€oils€are€put€into€hot€or€cold€water€and€a€cloth€is€soaked€in€the€mixture€and€thenÏplaced€over€the€desired€body€part.€€Cold€compresses€with€lavender€and€chamomile€are€great€forÏheadaches,€hot€compresses€with€eucalyptus€or€juniper€for€muscles€aches.ÌÌMassage:€Probably€everyoneððs€favourite€way€to€have€the€oils€applied.€€Mix€10„15€drops€of€oils€inÏone€ounce€of€a€good€quality€vegetable€oil€such€as€almond,€œgrapeseed›€or€jojoba,€and€use€in€aÏmassage.ÌÌSome€precautions:ÌÌDO€NOT€USE€ESSENTIAL€OILS€INTERNALLY€UNLESS€DIRECTED€BY€AÏPROFESSIONAL.ÌÌDO€NOT€USE€ESSENTIAL€OILS€DIRECTLY€ON€THE€œSKINñuñ.ñuñ›ÌÌThese€are€highly€concentrated€substances.€€Some€will€burn€the€skin€if€used€without€dilution.€€TheÏonly€two€oils€recommended€for€use€on€the€skin€without€dilution€are€lavender€and€tea„tree;€€eitherÏcan€be€applied€to€insect€bites€or€blemishes.ÌÌGenerally,€do€not€use€essential€oils€without€the€guidance€of€a€trained€professional€if€you€areÏpregnant€or€breastfeeding.€€These€molecules€can€be€transferred€over€the€placenta€and€into€breastÏmilk.€€While€some€are€safe,€some€can€cause€miscarriage,€and€some€can€be€harmful€to€the€baby€ifÏswallowed€during€nursing.ÌÌThese€substances€have€potent€effects€on€the€body.€€If€you€are€on€medication€or€your€doctor€hasÏtold€you€to€avoid€any€type€of€activity,€you€should€see€a€professional€before€trying€theseÏmedicines.€€Some€conditions€that€warrant€special€precautions€are€hypertension€or€other€heartÏproblems,€epilepsy,€and€skin€conditions.€€People€with€sensitive€skins€will€need€to€approachÏaromatherapy€with€caution.ÌÌIt€is€beyond€our€expertise€to€suggest€specific€oils€for€specific€purposes€here.€€Please€consult€theÏsuggested€links€or€books€for€more€information.̛̜œDavis,€Patricia,€Subtleòò€Aromatherapyóó›œ,€C.W.€Daniel,€Saffron€Wñ‰ñalñ‰ññŠññ‰ñsñ‰ññŠññ‹ñdon,€Essexñ‹ññŒññ‹ñ,€€ñ‹ññŒñññ.€ñññŽñññ€ñññŽñññ199ññññññ1ñññññ‘ñ2€(ñ‘ññ’ñgood€look€atÐ  #ð! Ðsome€of€the€energetic€effects€of€eñ’ññ“ññ’ñeñ’ññ“ññ”ñssñ”ññ•ññ”ñtñ”ññ•ññ–ñential€oils.ñ–ññ‘ñ)ñ‘ñ›ÌœÔ‡ XqçXXXÔÔ‡ &1&X XqçÔÔUKCE.,ÔÌñ—ñ1.ñ—ñFischer„Rizzi,€Susanne,€òòComplete€Aromatherapy€Handbookóó,€Sterling€Publishing,€New€York,€1990òò€(AÐ Z&ª!$ Ðbeautiful€book€that€offers€a€sensory€treat€for€those€who€wish€to€get€to€know€the€oils.)óóÐ 6'†"% ÐÌññ2.€€ññLawless,€Julia,€òòThe€Encyclopedia€of€Essential€Oilsóó,€Element,€Rockport,€MA,€1992.€òòñ˜ñ(Cñ˜ññ›ññšñÐ ê(:$' Ðñšññ›ññœñ€€ñœññ™ñCñ™ñomprehensive.€Ð ê(:$' ÐVery€useful.)ÌóóÌñžñ3.€€ñžñTisserand,€R.€B.,€òòThe€Art€of€Aromatherapyóó,€Inner€Traditions€International€Ltd,€New€York,€1977.€€òò(AÐ z+Ê&* Ðclassic.€€Exhaustive€coverage€of€a€limited€number€of€essences.)ÌóóÐ 0-€(, Ð4.€€Valnet,€J.,€òòThe€Practice€of€Aromatherapyóó,€C.W.€Daniel€Co.,€Safton€Walden,€Essex,€1980.€Ð ° Ðòò(Another€classic.€Aromatherapy€as€a€science.)óóÐ ŠÚ ÐÌ5.€Worwood,€Valerie€Ann,€òòThe€Fragrant€Pharmacyóó,€Bantam€Books,€London,€1990.€€òò(An€exceptionallyÐ >Ž Ðuseful€book.€€Filled€with€blends€for€every€indication.€€Includes€an€aromatherapy€first€aid€section€withÏremedies€for€common€problems€using€only€nine€of€the€most€commonly€available€oils.)Ô#†&Ö»&& &10#ÔÔ‡ &1&&&Ö»ÔÔ#† XqçX& &1<0#ÔÔ‡ &1&X XqçÔÔCE.,UK.,[0ÔÔUKCE.,ÔÐ ôD ÐóóÌÔ#†&Ö»&& &1M5#ÔÔ#†XŽ‹X&&Ö»5#ÔÔCE.,UK.,È5Ô›